Dark energy could be caused by the electrical polarity of dark matter.
This work shows the dark energy as a possible
characteristic of electrical polarity of dark matter, this feature could
produce an electrical repulsion force in the universe, producing a separation
between matter, what could be interpreted as an expansion of the universe, but also this dark matter would
produce a force of attraction when its polarity is different, which would allow
the matter of different polarity to the dark matter to stay together. This theory is based on the
assumption that most of the matter in the universe (dark matter) is ionic
crystals, which fill and produce the cold in outer space; these ionic crystals
have been originated from the natural evolution of the plasma which originated
the entire matter in the universe (big bang), toward the state crystalline
solid. These
forces in the universe known as force repulsive (dark energy) or force of
attraction (gravity), it would be as a result of an electrical phenomenon that
presents the matter in crystalline state, known as piezoelectricity.
The razor of Ockham.
Methodological principle:
"On equal terms, the simplest explanation is
usually the most likely".
Introduction
In cosmology, dark energy is a form of dark matter[i] [ii] [iii]
or energy[iv]
that would be present in the entire space, producing a pressure which tends to
accelerate the expansion of the Universe, resulting in a gravitational force
repulsiva.2 consider the existence of dark energy is the most frequent manner
to explain the recent observations that the universe seems to be in rapid
expansion. In the standard model of cosmology, dark energy accounts for nearly
three-quarters of the earth-total energy of the Universe.
The force of attraction in the universe known as the
gravity has played an important role in making the universe in which it is. Gravity
is what makes join between if pieces of matter, to form planets, moons and
stars. Gravity is what makes the planets from entering into orbit around the
star--like the land that is in orbit around our star, the Sun. Gravity is what
makes the stars are brought together to form enormous galaxies rotating[v].
Isaac Newton was the first to expose that is of the
same nature, the force that makes objects fall with constant acceleration in
the earth (earth's gravity) and the force that keeps in motion the planets and
the stars. This idea led him to formulate the first general theory of
gravitation, the universality of the phenomenon, exposed in his book,
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.[vi]
Einstein's theory of general relativity makes a
different analysis of the interaction gravitational. According to this theory,
gravity can be understood as a geometric effect of matter on space-time. When
certain amount of matter occupies a region of space-time, causes it to deform.
Seen thus, the gravitational force is not already a "mysterious force that
attracts', but the effect causing the deformation of space-time - geometry not
Euclidean - about the movement of the bodies. According to this theory, since
all objects move in spacetime, the deformed, the path of those will be diverted
producing its acceleration[vii].
According to science the interaction gravitational
pull is one of the four fundamental forces in nature, next to the
electromagnetism, the strong nuclear interaction, and the weak nuclear
interaction. Unlike the nuclear forces and Electromagnetism similarity, it acts
at great distances. However, unlike the electromagnetism, gravity is a force of
type attractive although there are special cases in which the geodetic
temporary can expand in certain regions of space-time, which makes it appear to
the gravity as a force repulsive, for example the dark energy. This is the
reason that gravity is the most important strength when it comes to explaining
the movements celestial.
Electricity (from the Greek ήλεκτρον elektron, whose meaning is
'Amber')[viii]
is the set of physical phenomena related to the presence and flow of electric
charges.
In ancient
cultures of the Mediterranean knew that certain objects, such as an amber bar,
rubbing it with a wool or fur could attract light objects like feathers.
Towards the year 600 b.c. Tales of Mileto made a series of observations on
static electricity, where he believed that friction gave magnetism amber, in
contrast to minerals such as magnetite, that it did not need to rub[ix][x].
Tales was wrong to believe that the attraction was
produced by a magnetic field, but later science would prove that there is a
relationship between magnetism and electricity.
Electricity
manifests itself through various phenomena and physical properties:
Electrical Load: a property of some subatomic particles, which
determines its interaction electromagnetic. The electrically charged produces
and is influenced by electromagnetic fields.
Electric current: a flow or movement of electrically charged particles
by a conductive material; it is measured in amperes.
Electric Field: a type of electromagnetic field produced by an
electrical charge even when not moving. The electric field produces a force on
other charges, less the greater the distance that separates the two loads. In
addition the moving charges produce magnetic fields.
Electric Potential: is the ability of an electric field work; it is
measured in volts.
Magnetism: The electric current produces magnetic fields, and
the magnetic fields variables in time generate electric current.
The electricity is used to
generate:
Light through lamps
Heat, taking advantage of the Joule effect
Movement, using engines that transform electrical energy into
mechanical energy
Signals through the use of electronic systems, composed of
electrical circuits that include active components (vacuum tubes, transistors,
diodes and integrated circuits) and passive components such as resistors,
inductors and capacitors.
Electric charge is a property of
matter that is manifested
through forces of attraction and
repulsion. Load originates in the atom, which is composed of subatomic
particles charged as the electron and proton[xi].
The presence of load, gives place to the
electromagnetic force: a load exerts a force on the other, an effect that was
known in antiquity, but not understood[xii].
A ball light, suspended by a thread, could be charged to the contact with a
glass rod previously loaded by friction with a tissue. It was found that if a
similar ball was loaded by the same glass bar, were repelled between
themselves. This phenomenon was investigated at the end of the eighteenth
century by Charles-Augustin Coulomb, which inferred that the load is expressed
in two opposing ways[xiii]. This discovery brought the well-known axiom
"objects with the same polarity repel each other and with different
polarity is attracted"[xiv].
Electric Field
Field Lines emerging from a positive charge toward a
driver level.
The concept of electric field was introduced by
Michael Faraday. An electric field is created by a charged body in the space
around it, and produces a force that it exerts on other loads that are located
in the field.
Similar to the gravitational
field that acts on two masses, and as such, it extends to infinity and its
value is inversely proportional to the square of the distance[xv]. However, there is an important difference: While gravity always acts as attraction,
the electric field can produce attraction or repulsion. If a large
body like a planet has no net charge, the electric field at a given distance is
zero. Therefore gravity is the dominant force in the universe, despite being
much weaker[xvi]
An electric field varies in space, and its intensity
at any point is defined as the force (per unit charge) that would perceive a
load if it were located at that point[xvii].The
test load must be insignificant to prevent their own field affects the main
field and must also be stationary to prevent the effect of magnetic fields. As
the electric field is defined in terms of force, and a force is a vector, then
the electric field is also a vector, with magnitude and direction.
An ion1 (“going", in Greek; ἰών [ion] is the
participle present of the verb ienai: 'Go') is a charged particle electrically
formed by an atom or molecule that is not electrically neutral. Conceptually
this can be understood as, from a neutral state of an atom or particle, have
gained or lost electrons; this phenomenon is known as ionization.
The negatively-charged ions, which are produced by
having more electrons than protons, is known as anions (which are attracted to
the anode) and the positively-charged, as a result of a loss of electrons, is
known as cations (which are attracted by the cathode).
The positive and negative ions combine to form a
compound ionic. Due to the crystalline structure rigid of this compound, solid,
does not conduct electric current. But when this compound ionic is placed in
water, ions are separate and move freely. As it can now move freely, it can
conduct an electric current pulled of an ion to the next.
Ionic compounds have the
following properties:
At room
temperature (25 ° C) are solid crystalline, hard and brittle.
It has high
melting points.
In anhydrous State they do not lead the electric
current, but when heated to melting State (if not decompose), yes they lead it.
Many Ionic compounds dissolve in very polar solvents
(like water), and when it do, the solution is electrically conductive.
The atmosphere is the layer of gas that surrounds a
celestial body. Gases are attracted by the gravity of the body, and remain
therein if gravity is sufficient and the temperature of the atmosphere is low.
Some planets are formed mainly by gas, so it has very deep atmospheres.
Atmospheric electricity is the diurnal variation of
the atmosphere electromagnetic network (or, more generally, any electrical
system in the atmosphere of a planet). The Earth's surface, the ionosphere, and
the atmosphere is known as the "global atmospheric electrical
circuit". Atmospheric electricity is a multidisciplinary topic
There is always free electricity in the air and
clouds, which act by induction on the Earth and electromagnetic devices[xviii].
Experiments have shown that there is always free electricity in the atmosphere,
which is sometimes negative and sometimes positive, but most of the time is
generally positive, and the intensity of this free electricity is higher at
noon to the morning or evening and is greater in winter than in summer. With good weather, the potential increases with
altitude at a rate, according to some authors, of around 100 volts per meter[xix].
The atmospheric environment, by which we are
surrounded by, not only contains electricity
combined, as any other form of matter,
but also a considerable amount in the free state and without combining,
sometimes of a type, sometimes of another; but as a general rule is always nature opposite to that of the
earth.
The origin of atmospheric electricity is still
unknown. Some physicists have attributed to the friction of the air with the
ground, others to the oxidation step of plant and animal life, others new to
evaporation, to the induction of the sun, and the temperature differences[xx].
Piezoelectricity (from the Greek piezein,
"squeeze or press") is a phenomenon occurring in certain crystals, to
be subjected to mechanical stresses; its mass acquires an electrical
polarization and appears a difference of potential and electrical charges on
its surface.
The crystals that acquire an electric charge when
compressed twist or distort, say they are piezoelectric. This effect transducer
between the oscillations electrical and mechanical has a practical utility[xxi].
Piezoelectric materials are natural or synthetic
crystals which have no center of symmetry. A compression or shear cause
dissociation of the centers of gravity of electric charges, both positive and
negative. As a result, in the mass are elemental dipoles, and by influence, the
opposing surfaces give rise to charges of opposite sign.
The property of piezoelectricity was first observed by
Pierre and Jacques Curie in 1881 studying compression of Quartz. By subjecting
it to the mechanical action of the compression, the charges of matter are
separated. This leads to a polarization of the load, causing sparks that jump.
In the matter to happen the property of
piezoelectricity must crystallize in systems that have no center of symmetry
(which possess asymmetry) and, therefore, of the polar axis. Of the 32 Crystal
classes, 21 there is the mentioned Center. In 31 of these classes takes place
the piezoelectric property, to a greater or lesser extent. Gases, liquids and
solids with symmetry do not possess piezoelectricity.
If pressure is applied at the ends of the shaft polar
occurs polarization: electron flow is directed toward one end and generates a
negative charge, while at the opposite end induces a positive charge.
The razor of Ockham (sometimes spelled Occam or Ockam), economy or
principle of parsimony (lexparsimoniae), is a philosophical and methodological
principle attributed to the philosopher, Franciscan friar and Scholastic logic
William of Ockham (1280-1349), according to which:
"On equal terms, the simplest explanation is
usually the most likely".
RESULTS;
All the matter in the universe according to the
science originated from a plasma (big bang), but most of the matter, has not
been possible to be detected, my theory is based on the assumption that the
majority of matter (dark matter) originating in the plasma of the big bang, has
evolved into the crystalline state, as it teaches the nature of phase change of
the plasmas. Also as all matter originated from plasma, and all the plasmas are
composed mostly of ions, then the whole invisible matter would be composed of
ionic crystals.
Gravity is a force of attraction; Isaac Newton was the
first to expose that is of the same nature, the force that makes objects fall
with constant acceleration in the earth (earth's gravity) and the force that
keeps in motion the planets and the stars. Then Albert Einstein said that the
gravitational force is no longer a "mysterious force that attracts",
but the effect of the deformation of space-time -of non-euclidean geometry - on
the motion of bodies.
Dark energy is a form of dark matter that would be
present in the entire space, producing a pressure which tends to accelerate the
expansion of the Universe, resulting in a gravitational force repulsive.
But the nature teaches us that the only thing that can
produce attraction or repulsion is an electrical charge, which is a property of
matter. And the feature of attraction or repulsion depends on the polarity of
the matter. Then according to this work if the majority of matter in the
universe is made of ionic crystals, as it is understood of agreement the theory
that the majority of the plasma originated from the big bang, it evolved into
the crystalline state solid, the force of repulsion of the universe (dark
energy), could be produced by this crystalline matter, when due charge equal between matter , this
produces a force of repulsion, and another force of attraction when the
polarity of the load between these is different, which would be possible as a
result of the electrical phenomenon in crystalline matter known as piezoelectric
transducer
Conclusion
As a conclusion it can say based on the knowledge that
the attraction and repulsion is a feature of the electrical charges of the
matter, depending on its polarity, that the force of repulsion is caused by the
dark matter in the universe, when its electrical load is of equal polarity with
the matter that surrounds it, this force of repulsion would be what we know as
dark energy, which in this work would be originated as the force of repulsive attraction,
by ionic crystals, when by a compression, friction or shear, causes a high
concentration of electrical charge, producing what we know as piezoelectricity.
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